Each discussion focuses on evidence provided in two or three cuneiform texts from that time. Scribes and scholars studied the stars and could predict eclipses and the movements of the planets.Įvery chapter introduces the reader to a particular moment in ancient Near Eastern history, illuminating such aspects as trade, religion, diplomacy, law, warfare, kingship, and agriculture. Diplomats traveled between the capital cities of major powers ensuring peace and friendship between the kings. We discover that women had many rights and freedoms: they could own property, run businesses, and represent themselves in court. As historian Amanda Podany explores this era, she overturns the popular image of the ancient world as a primitive, violent place. The three thousand years covered here-from around 3500 BCE, with the founding of the first Mesopotamian cities, to the conquest of the Near East by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE-represent a period of incredible innovation, from the invention of the wheel and the plow, to early achievements in astronomy, law, and diplomacy. This Very Short Introduction offers a fascinating account of this momentous time in human history. Indeed, it was a time and place of earth-shaking changes for humankind: the beginnings of writing and law, kingship and bureaucracy, diplomacy and state-sponsored warfare, mathematics and literature. Mesopotamia, Syria, and Anatolia were home to an extraordinarily rich and successful culture. The ancient Near East is known as the "cradle of civilization"-and for good reason.